Resumo Neste estudo, avaliamos a variação nos eventos fenológicos vegetativos e reprodutivos de quatro espécies de plantas filogeneticamente relacionadas submetidas a um ambiente sazonal. Para isso, amostramos 15 indivíduos de cada espécie quinzenalmente, pelo período de um ano, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2017. Para avaliar quando uma determinada fenofase ocorreu de modo mais intenso na população foi utilizado o índice de intensidade de Fournier e a sincronia dos indivíduos da amostra em determinado evento fenológico foi estimada utilizando-se o índice de atividade. O teste de Rayleigh (Z) foi usado para determinar se os eventos fenológicos têm distribuição sazonal. A relação dos fatores abióticos (fotoperíodo, precipitação, temperatura e umidade relativa) com a intensidade das fenofases foi avaliada para cada espécie de planta usando modelos lineares generalizados (GLMs). As fenofases de todas as plantas apresentaram um padrão de distribuição sazonal, bem como variação na sincronia das fenofases e conjuntos específicos de fatores abióticos influenciaram significativamente suas fenofases. Folhas novas, por exemplo, foram produzidas ao longo das estações, com intensa queda de folhas na estação seca. Os períodos de floração, por outro lado, não se sobrepuseram. De fato, as espécies exibiram floração sequencial e floração assíncrona entre os indivíduos. Nossos resultados sugerem que os padrões fenológicos das quatro espécies de plantas simpátricas estão diretamente ligados às variáveis climáticas, mas diferentes fatores abióticos afetaram diferentes fenofases.

Abstract In this study, we evaluated variation in vegetative and reproductive phenological events of four phylogenetically related plant species subjected to a seasonal environment. To this aim, we sampled 15 individuals of each plant species every fortnight for one year, between January and December of 2017. To assess when a given phenophase occurred more intensely in the population, the Fournier intensity index was used and the synchrony of individuals of the sample in a given phenological event was estimated using the activity index. The Rayleigh (Z) test was used to determine whether the phenological events have seasonal distribution. The relationship of abiotic factors (photoperiod, precipitation, relative humidity and temperature) with the intensity of phenophases was evaluated for each plant species using generalized linear models (GLMs). The phenophases of all plants showed a seasonal distribution pattern, as well as variation in synchrony of phenophases and specific sets of abiotic factors significantly influenced their phenophases. New leaves, for example, were produced throughout the seasons, with intense leaf fall in the dry season. Flowering periods, on the other hand, did not overlap. Indeed, species exhibited sequential flowering and asynchronous flowering among individuals. Our results suggest that the phenological patterns of four sympatric plant species are directly linked to climatic variables, but different abiotic factors affected different phenophases.

Abstract Background Some studies have suggested the HLA-B27 gene may protect against some infections, as well as it could play a benefit role on the viral clearance, including hepatitis C and HIV. However, there is lack of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic data in spondyloarthritis (SpA) patients. Aim To evaluate the impact of HLA-B27 gene positivity on the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 and disease activity in axial SpA patients. Methods The ReumaCoV-Brasil is a multicenter, observational, prospective cohort designed to monitor immunemediated rheumatic diseases patients during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Brazil. Axial SpA patients, according to the ASAS classification criteria (2009), and only those with known HLA-B27 status, were included in this ReumaCov-Brasil's subanalysis. After pairing them to sex and age, they were divided in two groups: with (cases) and without (control group) COVID-19 diagnosis. Other immunodeficiency diseases, past organ or bone marrow transplantation, neoplasms and current chemotherapy were excluded. Demographic data, managing of COVID-19 (diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes, including hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and death), comorbidities, clinical details (disease activity and concomitant medication) were collected using the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) database. Data are presented as descriptive analysis and multiple regression models, using SPSS program, version 20. P level was set as 5%. Results From May 24th, 2020 to Jan 24th, 2021, a total of 153 axial SpA patients were included, of whom 85 (55.5%) with COVID-19 and 68 (44.4%) without COVID-19. Most of them were men (N = 92; 60.1%) with mean age of 44.0 ± 11.1 years and long-term disease (11.7 ± 9.9 years). Regarding the HLA-B27 status, 112 (73.2%) patients tested positive. There were no significant statistical differences concerning social distancing, smoking, BMI (body mass index), waist circumference and comorbidities. Regarding biological DMARDs, 110 (71.8%) were on TNF inhibitors and 14 (9.15%) on IL-17 antagonists. Comparing those patients with and without COVID-19, the HLA-B27 positivity was not different between groups (n = 64, 75.3% vs. n = 48, 48%, respectively; p = 0.514). In addition, disease activity was similar before and after the infection. Interestingly, no new episodes of arthritis, enthesitis or extra-musculoskeletal manifestations were reported after the COVID-19. The mean time from the first symptoms to hospitalization was 7.1 ± 3.4 days, and although the number of hospitalization days was numerically higher in the B27 positive group, no statistically significant difference was observed (5.7 ± 4.11 for B27 negative patients and 13.5 ± 14.8 for B27 positive patients; p = 0.594). Only one HLA-B27 negative patient died. No significant difference was found regarding concomitant medications, including conventional or biologic DMARDs between the groups. Conclusions No significant difference of COVID-19 frequency rate was observed in patients with axial SpA regarding the HLA-B27 positivity, suggesting a lack of protective effect with SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, the disease activity was similar before and after the infection. Trial registration This study was approved by the Brazilian Committee of Ethics in Human Research (CONEP), CAAE 30186820.2.1001.8807, and was registered at the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials – REBEC, RBR-33YTQC. All patients read and signed the informed consent form before inclusion.

Abstract Since 1992, Chile has had a Newborn Screening Program for Phenylketonuria (PKU), which currently has an incidence of 1:18,916 newborns. The objective of the current study was to describe the 2020 follow up of the Chilean PKU cohort. The variables analyzed were: nutritional status, dietary compliance and neuropsychological functioning. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional statistical analysis. The 271 subjects with PKU had an average age of diagnosis of 17±8 days and a phenylalanine (Phe) level of 1122±546 umol/L. Approximately 80% of protein requirement came from a protein substitute. For those <18 years of age, 80% had good dietary compliance with Phe level between 120-360 umol/L and those >18 years had a median of 522 umol/L (95%CI 468 - 636). Forty-four percent of the active PKU cohort had overweight/obesity. Eighty-five percent of the cohort >4 years of age had a normal intelligence quotient (IQ) (score 80-120). We observed a negative correlation (p <0.001; 95% CI: - 0.5, -0.2) between IQ score and Phe level. The Chilean protocol and protein substitute subsidy for life, together with the follow-up and continuous education carried out by the clinical team has encouraged compliance.

ABSTRACT Background: Pityriasis rubra pilaris is an infrequent chronic papulosquamous disease in which there is a disorder of keratinization of the epidermis, characterized by hyperkeratotic follicular papules with a tendency to form salmon-colored, scaly plaques, with islands of healthy skin associated with palmoplantar keratoderma. It presents a bimodal distribution in the first and sixth decades of life, affecting both sexes equally. Its etiopathogenesis is unknown, an abnormal immune response has been postulated to different antigenic stimuli, as well as alteration of the metabolism of vitamin A. It has been classified into 6 types based on its presentation, age of onset, course and prognosis, being treated appropriately topical or systemic. Clinical cases: Two cases of 10 and 2 years of age are presented, with clinical manifestations corresponding to the circumscribed juvenile type, which is the most frequent in pediatric and classic juvenile age respectively, with compatible histopathology and excellent response to topical treatment. Conclusions: Although pityriasis rubra pilaris is a rare pathology, it should be suspected if the clinical picture is suggestive and its histopathology is compatible. It should be considered that topical treatment may be sufficient to achieve resolution of the condition.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: La pitiriasis rubra pilaris es una enfermedad infrecuente pápulo-escamosa crónica en la que existe un trastorno de la queratinización de la epidermis, caracterizada por pápulas foliculares hiperqueratósicas con tendencia a formar placas de coloración asalmonada, descamativas, con islas de piel sana asociadas a queratodermia palmo plantar. Presenta una distribución bimodal en la primera y sexta década de la vida, afectando a ambos sexos por igual. Su etiopatogenia es desconocida, se ha postulado una respuesta inmune anormal ante diferentes estímulos antigénicos, así como alteración del metabolismo de la vitamina A. Se ha clasificado en 6 tipos en base a su presentación, edad de inicio, curso y pronóstico, tratándose en forma tópica o sistémica. Casos clínicos: Se presentan dos casos en pacientes de 10 y 2 años de edad, con manifestaciones clínicas correspondientes al tipo juvenil circunscrito, que es el más frecuente en edad pediátrica y juvenil clásico respectivamente, con histopatología compatible y excelente respuesta al tratamiento tópico. Conclusiones: Aunque la pitiriasis rubra pilaris es una patología rara, deberá ser sospechada si el cuadro clínico es sugestivo, y si es compatible su histopatología. Debe considerarse que el tratamientotópico puede ser suficiente para lograr la resolución del cuadro.

Abstract Background: Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) has become a significant problem in terms of public health and clinical outcome. Objective: To assess the epidemiology, treatment and mortality in patients with infection due to CPE. Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 163 patients with CPE infection was carried out in a university hospital from July 2013 to October 2015. Results: A total of 163 patients were included over the study period. Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in 95.1% of cases, and most of carbapenemases belonged to the OXA-48 group (93.0%). Acquisition was nosocomial in 124 cases (77.0%), healthcare-associated in 30 (18.6%), and 7 cases (4.3%) were community-acquired. The most frequent infections identified in this study were urinary tract (48.4%) and respiratory (19.5%) infections. Approximately half of the patients received antibiotic monotherapy. The 30-day mortality rate was 23.3%. Multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of septic shock at diagnosis (OR 4.2; IC 95% 1.5-11) was independently associated with an increase in death during the first month, unable to identify association with inappropriate antibiotic treatment. Discussion: Further studies are needed to clarify whether antibiotic treatment of EPC infections should be combined or if monotherapy might be sufficient in mild infections.

Resumen Introducción: Las enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas (EPC) suponen un reto para la salud pública y la práctica clínica. Objetivo: Analizar la epidemiología, el tratamiento y la mortalidad en pacientes infectados por EPC. Material y Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de 163 pacientes infectados por EPC en un hospital universitario desde julio de 2013 a octubre de 2015. Resultados: Klebsiella pneumoniae fue aislada en 95,1% de los casos, y la mayoría de las carbapenemasas pertenecían al grupo OXA-48 (93%). La adquisición fue nosocomial en 124 casos (77%), asociada a cuidados sanitarios en 30 (18,6%), y 7 (4,3%) fueron de adquisición comunitaria. Las infecciones más frecuentes fueron las del tracto urinario (48,4%) y las respiratorias (19,5%). Aproximadamente, la mitad de los pacientes recibieron monoterapia antimicrobiana. La tasa de mortalidad a los 30 días fue de 23,3%. El análisis multivariante identificó que la presencia de shock séptico al diagnóstico (OR 4,2; IC 95% 1,5-11) estaba asociada de manera independiente con mayor mortalidad en el primer mes, sin lograr identificar asociación con el tratamiento antimicrobiano inapropiado. Discusión: Son necesarios más estudios para aclarar si el tratamiento antimicrobiano de las infecciones por EPC debe ser combinado o si podría ser suficiente la monoterapia en infecciones leves.

Abstract The development of three-dimensional matrices for microbial cultures is a promising strategy by mimic the natural environments of cells and promoting adhesion, growth and cellular proliferation. In the current study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) foams were produced by the combination of gas foaming and freeze-drying for applied as microorganism 3D matrix. The spectra FTIR indicated consume of hydroxyl groups that evidences the crosslinking reaction and promoted increases in thermal stability. Morphological analysis by SEM revealed an interconnected porous structure in the PVA foams. Besides, the crosslinking reaction did not affect pore size and morphology. Meanwhile, cross-linked PVA foam (G-PVAFL) exhibited an increase of compressive modulus and compressive strength. The swelling ratio reached 85% and degradation kinetics of G-PVAFL showed a suitable profile to support microorganism in the biofilm formation. Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and Candida albicans (yeast) were efficiently immobilized in G-PVAFL. In addition, cells morphology were preserved for all species investigated. Besides, Sugar Fermentation Test with Escherichia coli immobilized indicates the preservation of proliferative and metabolic activity. These results indicate that G-PVAFL is suitable as a matrix for 3D microbiological culture.

Resumen: Se evaluó el efecto de la inclusión de afrechillo de arroz en la dieta sobre el comportamiento productivo y características de carcasa en lechones de la raza Pampa Rocha. Se utilizaron 16 animales desde el destete a los 42 días y hasta los 77 días de edad, los cuales se alojaron en boxes en un sistema de cama profunda de paja de trigo. Se empleó un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con dos tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos consistieron en dietas con diferente contenido lipídico (T0 = 0 % de afrechillo de arroz; T15 = 15 % de afrechillo de arroz). Para evaluar el comportamiento productivo se realizó un análisis de varianza y una comparación de medias para las variables consumo diario de ración (CD), ganancia de peso diaria (GD) y eficiencia de conversión (EC). Las características de carcasa evaluadas fueron peso y espesor de grasa dorsal, y se analizaron a través de una comparación de medias por tratamiento. Para GD y EC, se observaron diferencias durante la semana 5, no presentándose diferencias en el promedio del período experimental. Para el CD no se registraron diferencias a través de las semanas y en el promedio del período experimental. Las características de carcasa no difirieron estadísticamente entre tratamientos. En función de los resultados se concluye que el afrechillo de arroz podría considerarse como alternativa en la elaboración de raciones para lechones.

Abstract: This study assessed the effect of bran rice inclusion in the diet on the productive behavior and carcass characteristics of Pampa Rocha piglets. Sixteen animals were used from weaning up to 42 days and 77 days of age, which were housed in boxes in a deep bed system of wheat straw. A randomized complete block design with two treatments and four replications was used. Treatments consisted of diets with different lipid content (T0 = 0 % rice bran; T15 = 15 % rice bran). Productive behavior was evaluated through analysis of variance and comparison of means for daily food consumption (DC), daily weight gain (DG) and conversion efficiency (CE). Weight and backfat thickness were the evaluated carcass traits, and they were analyzed through a comparison of means per treatment. The DG and CE showed differences during week 5, although they showed no differences in the experimental period average. For DC, no differences were recorded during the weeks or the average of the experimental period. Carcass traits did not differ statistically between treatments. Based on the results, rice bran could be considered as an alternative in the preparation of ration for piglets.

ABSTRACT 35% of the population in the Araucanian region of Chile is Mapuche and lives mainly in rural areas. This paper focuses on the development of Mapuche indigenous children and how their families cope with raising them in a territory characterized by poverty and socio-political conflicts. It is an ethnographic study carried out in Mapuche rural communities (Temuco, Ercilla, Lumaco, Collipulli). Sixty people participated by sharing their experiences through in-depth interviews. The results showed that raising and protecting children is a social and cultural endeavor for the entire community. This is a critical task due to historical political and social constraints. Their culture, history and language strengthen their Mapuche identity and resistance to colonialism. Mapuche families face the paradox of teaching Mapuche culture within an environment of hostility and Chilean ethnocentrism.

RESUMEN El 35% de la población de la región de La Araucanía en Chile es Mapuche y habita mayoritariamente en comunidades campesinas rurales. Este trabajo, aborda el significado del desarrollo de niños y niñas mapuche en un contexto de conflicto interétnico desde la perspectiva de sus cuidadores. Es un trabajo etnográfico desarrollado en comunidades mapuche de Ercilla, Temuco, Lumaco y Collipulli, Puerto Saavedra y Curarrehue. Participaron 60 personas; entre padres, madres, abuelos/as, y profesores rurales, quienes relataron sus experiencias sobre criar niños y niñas en un territorio caracterizado por pobreza y conflictos socio-políticos. Los resultados muestran que criar niños/as es un proyecto social y cultural como pueblo mapuche; el cual se caracteriza por la colusión entre las políticas externas que impiden el buen desarrollo de los niños, y procesos de resistencia cultural que intentan fortalecer la cultura propia. Las familias enfrentan la paradoja de enseñar a ser persona correcta, justa, conocedora del mundo Mapuche, fuerte y genuina en un ambiente de hostilidad, de imposición de patrones de crianza, educación y desarrollo ajenos a la cultura propia. Las bases que fundan el bienestar de la comunidad mapuche es el equilibrio, la tranquilidad; en consecuencia es un imperativo ético político observar que los niños mapuche se desarrollen en un ambiente de paz.

Resumen En este artículo se estudia una ecuación diferencial no lineal autónoma que modela el movimiento de un φ -péndulo amortiguado con forzamiento constante. En el caso disipativo se presentan dos resultados, por un lado, usando la aplicación de Poincaré y funciones de energía, se establece un criterio suficiente para determinar la existencia, unicidad y estabilidad asintótica de una solución periódica de segunda clase y por otro lado, se presenta un criterio con el que se estima analíticamente la cuenca de atracción de un equilibrio asintóticamente estable con ayuda del principio de invarianza de Lasalle. Mientras que en el caso conservativo se dan condiciones necesarias para que la imagen de la función periodo esté definida en un intervalo no acotado. Los resultados obtenidos en el caso disipativo son una generalización de los establecidos por Tricomi en el caso newtoniano.

Abstract In this paper we study an autonomous nonlinear differential equation that models the movement of a damped φ-pendulum with constant forcing. In the dissipative case, two results are presented, on the one hand, using the application of Poincaré and energy functions, a sufficient criterion is established to guarantee the existence, uniqueness and asymptotic stability of a periodic solution of the second kind and on the other hand, a criterion is presented with which the basin of attraction of an asymptotically stable equilibrium is estimated analytically with the help of the Lasalle’s invariance principle. While in the conservative case there are necessary conditions for range of the period function to be defined in an unbounded interval. The results obtained in the dissipative case are a generalization of those established by Tricomi in the newtonian case.

The aim of the study was to identify serotypes of suspicious isolates of Salmonella spp from breeding guinea pigs in samples collected within the first week of parturition to detect animals carrying the bacteria. The guinea pigs were clinically normal and reared in a commercial farm in Pachacamac, Lima, Peru. The farm was free of Salmonella outbreaks in the last four years. A total of 272 paired samples consisting in rectal and vaginal swabs per animal were collected and analyzed using standardized microbiological protocols. The DNA was extracted from suspected isolates of Salmonella sp and then these samples were analyzed by multiplex PCR to detect the presence of invA, prot6E and fliC genes which are specific for Salmonella spp, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium respectively. Eight animals (12 swabs) were positive to Salmonella spp. All 12 isolates amplified invA (Salmonella spp), 10 of them amplified the fliC gene (Salmonella Typhimurium) and none the prot6E gene (Salmonella Enteritidis). The results confirmed Salmonella Typhimurium as the predominant pathogen in breeding guinea pigs at first parturition in the commercial farm

El estudio tuvo por objetivo identificar el serotipo de los aislados sospechosos de Salmonella spp de cuyes reproductoras en muestras recolectadas dentro de la semana del primer parto con el fin de detectar animales portadores de la bacteria. Los cuyes se encontraban clínicamente sanos y provenían de un criadero comercial de la zona de Pachacamac, Lima, Perú, sin registro de brote de salmonelosis desde hace cuatro años. Se evaluaron 272 muestras pareadas de hisopados rectales y vaginales usando protocolos microbiológicos estandarizados. Las cepas aisladas fueron evaluadas mediante pruebas bioquímicas y se procedió a la extracción de ADN de los aislados sospechosos de Salmonella spp. Posteriormente, estas muestras fueron analizadas mediante la técnica de PCR múltiple para detectar la presencia de los genes invA, prot6E y fliC específicos de Salmonella spp, Salmonella Enteritidis y Salmonella Typhimurium, respectivamente. Ocho animales (12 hisopados) resultaron positivos a Salmonella spp. Los 12 aislados amplificaron al gen invA (Salmonella spp). De estos, 10 amplificaron para el gen fliC (Salmonella Typhimurium) y ninguno amplificó el gen prot6E (Salmonella Enteritidis). Los resultados confirmaron que Salmonella Typhimurium es el patógeno predominante en cuyes reproductoras al primer parto en esta granja de crianza comercial

Introduction: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is one of the most common acquired thrombocytopenia in adults. Splenectomy is as second line treatment in medical refractory patients. Aim: The aim of this study is to present our first initial experience in laparoscopic splenectomy of the surgical department of Arica's local hospital. Materials and methods: This is a transversal prospective review of patients with ITP which splenectomy was performed due medical treatment failure. Preoperative blood test: platelet count at the beginning of the study, 24 h pre op, 24 h post op and a month post surgery were tabulated. Postoperative complications and histopathology characteristics were reported. Results: We performed 5 splenectomies, 100% of the patients presented a recovery platelet count at 24 h postop. In the first month only 3 patients had an improvement of their thrombocytopenia. There were no major complications, like hemoperitoneum or pancreatic leaks, only one patient presented port site ecchymosis. Conclusions: Laparoscopic splenectomy is a feasible technique in our center with a complication rate and outcomes comparable to high volume center.

Introducción: La púrpura trombocitopénica idiopática (PTI) es una de las trombocitopenias más frecuentes en adultos. La esplenectomía corresponde a uno de sus tratamientos de segunda línea en pacientes refractarios a otras terapias médicas. Objetivo: Presentar nuestra primera experiencia en esplenectomía laparoscópica en el servicio de cirugía del Hospital Regional de Arica. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión transversal retrospectiva de pacientes con PTI a quienes se les indicó esplenectomía por falla en el tratamiento médico. Se tabularon los exámenes preoperatorios, plaquetas 24 h pre y posquirúrgicas, plaquetas al inicio del estudio (3 meses preoperatorios) y al mes del postoperatorio, complicaciones quirúrgicas y características histopatológicas. Resultados: Se realizaron 5 esplenectomías. El 100% de los pacientes presentaron mejoría a las 24 h de postoperados. Al cabo de un mes, sólo 3 de 5 pacientes tuvieron una mejoría de su trombocitopenia. No hubo complicaciones mayores como hemoperitoneo o fístulas pancreáticas. Un paciente presentó equimosis en un puerto. Conclusiones: La esplenectomía laparoscópica es una técnica factible de realizar en nuestro centro, con una tasa de complicaciones y resultados comparables con centros de mayor volumen.

Background: Anatomical abnormalities of the liver are rare and their association with gallbladder agenesis are even more uncommon. Case report: We report a 63 years old man complaining of jaundice, without pain or fever. A magnetic resonance imaging showed a right hepatic lobe agenesis associated with gallbladder agenesis. Jaundice subsided spontaneously.

Introducción: Las anomalías anatómicas del hígado son raras, la asociación a una agenesia vesicular es más infrecuente aún, siendo su diagnóstico generalmente un hallazgo. Caso clínico: Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 63 años que consulta por ictericia, sin dolor ni fiebre, al cual se le realiza diagnóstico por imagen con resonancia magnética de agenesia de lóbulo hepático derecho asociado a agenesia vesicular. Dado que el paciente no tiene litiasis biliar, se decide tratamiento médico.

In this study, we genetically characterized the Uruguayan pig breed Pampa Rocha. Genetic variability was assessed by analyzing a panel of 25 microsatellite markers from a sample of 39 individuals. Pampa Rocha pigs showed high genetic variability with observed and expected heterozygosities of 0.583 and 0.603, respectively. The mean number of alleles was 5.72. Twenty-four markers were polymorphic, with 95.8% of them in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. The level of endogamy was low (FIS = 0.0475). A factorial analysis of correspondence was used to assess the genetic differences between Pampa Rocha and other pig breeds; genetic distances were calculated, and a tree was designed to reflect the distance matrix. Individuals were also allocated into clusters. This analysis showed that the Pampa Rocha breed was separated from the other breeds along the first and second axes. The neighbour-joining tree generated by the genetic distances DA showed clustering of Pampa Rocha with the Meishan breed. The allocation of individuals to clusters showed a clear separation of Pampa Rocha pigs. These results provide insights into the genetic variability of Pampa Rocha pigs and indicate that this breed is a well-defined genetic entity.

OBJETIVO: comprender los significados que para los profesores, estudiantes y egresados de la Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública tiene la educación para la salud (EpS). METODOLOGIA: estudio de caso desde una perspectiva comprensiva (hermenéutica). Fue realizado con entrevistas grupales e individuales así como con la revisión de los planes de estudio de los programas académicos de la facultad. RESULTADOS : Para los entrevistados, la EpS es un asunto relevante para la salud pública pues trasciende la enfermedad, pero está poco desarrollado en la institución. Se presenta una importante diversidad de concepciones, posiciones y grado de conocimiento sobre el tema, que van desde concepciones amplias hasta visiones instrumentales y reduccionistas que evidencian un debate entre corrientes teóricas en tensión, como también un importante grado de inespecificidad. CONCLUSIONES: esta situación no puede explicarse solo por la falta de formación de los profesores; también tiene que ver con la falta de una reflexión pedagógica como asunto propio de la salud pública, los debates y tensiones propias de las corrientes de la disciplina y el dominio de una salud pública que ha invisibilizado al sujeto. Se requiere entonces una salud pública que no lo invisibilice y que promueva una perspectiva transdisciplinaria.

OBJECTIVE: to understand the meaning that health education (he) has among the teachers, students and graduates of the National Faculty of Public Health. METHODOLOGY: case study from a comprehensive perspective (hermeneutics). It was conducted using group and individual interviews and the analysis of curricula pertaining to the academic programs of the aforementioned faculty. RESULTS: health education is a relevant issue for the interviewees in terms of public health because it transcends disease although it shows a scarce development in the Faculty programs. A diverse set of conceptions, points of view and levels of knowledge on HE was found ranging from a broad to a reductionist and instrumental perspective showing the debate and tensions implied among theoretical trends, as well as a lack of specificity. CONCLUSIONS: these findings cannot be explained only by means of a poor level in the professors' training. It is also related to a lack of pedagogical reflection that should exist as an intrinsic feature in public health, the debates and tensions between theoretical trends in the area, and a dominance of a conception of public health that has not taken the subject into consideration. Thus a public health that does take the subject into account and promotes a transdisciplinary perspective is required

The Escuela Nacional de Ingenieros (National School of Engineers), which origin was the prestigious Real Seminario de Minería (Royal School of Mines), stood out as the most important higher education institution in its field in Mexico, depositary of the largest number and highest level of courses in physics and mathematics. Because of this, its teachers were the most suitable to collaborate with the first effort in establishing specialized studies in physics, at the Escuela Nacional de Altos Estudios (National School for Advanced Studies) as well as at its successor, the Facultad de Filosofía y Letras (Faculty of Philosophy and Literature). As the project did not crystallize in these entities, some engineers gave their support to engineer Ricardo Monges Lopez, who managed changes in the legislation of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. He also took advantage of the existing resources in the Palace of Mines (subjects, professors, classrooms, laboratories and library, among others) to initiate and then strengthen the physics career and the Institute of Physics at the aforementioned University, both the first in its field created in Mexico.

La Escuela Nacional de Ingenieros, cuyo origen fue el prestigioso Real Seminario de Minería, sobresalió como la institución de educación superior más importante en su campo en México, depositaria del mayor número de cursos de física y matemáticas, con el nivel más elevado. Por ello, sus profesores fueron los más indicados para colaborar con el primer esfuerzo por establecer estudios especializados de física, tanto en la Escuela Nacional de Altos Estudios como en su sucesora, la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Al no cristalizar el proyecto en estas entidades, algunos ingenieros le otorgaron su apoyo al Ing. Ricardo Monges López, quien gestiono cambios en la legislación de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Asimismo, aprovechó los recursos existentes en el Palacio de Minería (asignaturas, catedráticos, aulas, laboratorios y biblioteca, entre otros) para iniciar y después consolidar la carrera de física y el Instituto de Física de dicha Universidad, primeros en su género creados en México.